Polar-orbiting satellite observations are of fundamental importance to explore the main scientific challenges in the Arctic Ocean, as they provide information on bio-geo-physical variables with a denser spatial and temporal coverage than in-situ instruments in such a harsh and inaccessible environment. However, they are limited by the lack of coverage near the North Pole (Polar gap), the polar night, ...

Forecast errors in near-surface temperatures are a persistent issue for numerical weather prediction models. A prominent example is warm biases during cloud-free, snow-covered nights. Many studies attribute these biases to parametrized processes such as turbulence or radiation. Here, we focus on the contribution of physical processes to the nocturnal temperature development. We compare model timestep ...